Background: Lymphadenopathy has varied causes, from reactive to malignant. Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a rapid, minimally invasive, cost-effective diagnostic tool. The Sydney System (2019) standardises lymph node cytology, enhancing consistency. This study assesses its applicability, accuracy, and diagnostic performance in a tertiary center. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in the Pathology Department at a tertiary care rural hospital in Maharashtra from May 2024 to April 2025. All lymph node FNAC cases received during this period were included. Clinical details were systematically recorded, and smears were categorized using the Sydney System for Lymph Node Cytology. Based on available follow-up, histopathological correlation and Risk of Malignancy (ROM) were determined. Data were compiled in Microsoft Excel and analyzed descriptively. Results: Patient ages ranged from 6-months to 94-years (mean 32.6-years), with a slight female predominance (M:F = 0.98). Among 208 cases, 53% involved cervical nodes, and 85.1% were classified as L2 (Benign). L5 (Malignant) and L4 (Suspicious) accounted for 5.3% and 4.8%, respectively, while L1 and L3 each comprised 2.4%. Histopathological follow-up (24 cases) showed ROM values of L2 7.7%, L3 50%, L4 100%, and L5 100%. Using expanded criteria, FNAC sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 91%, 92%, 91%, 92%, and 91.7%. With strict criteria, sensitivity was 83%, specificity 100%, PPV 100%, NPV 92%, and accuracy 94.4%. Conclusion: The study validates Sydney System’s utility for lymph node cytology, showing predominantly benign cases, common cervical involvement, and high diagnostic accuracy with sensitivity (>80%) and specificity (>90%). Keywords: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), Lymphadenopathy, Sydney System, Lymph Node Cytology, Risk of Malignancy (ROM).

Atypical pneumonia refers to forms of pneumonia not caused by typical pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae, and may present with non-classical symptoms. Haemolytic anaemia, a rare but serious complication, involves immune-mediated red blood cell destruction. We retrospectively reviewed five female patients admitted between December 2024 and February 2025 with confirmed atypical pneumonia and immune haemolytic anaemia. All patients presented with respiratory symptoms, anemia, and positive Direct Coombs Test (DCT), and were confirmed positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae via lgM or urine antigen. Management included macrolides or fluoroquinolones, steroids, and blood transfusions where necessary. All patients showed clinical and radiological resolution. This series underscores the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in such complex clinical scenarios. Keywords: Hemolytic anemia, Atypical Pneumonia.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the top three causes of death worldwide. Since COPD is a chronic and progressive disease it produces health related problems as well as economic and social burden to patients and families. In these patients, exercise capacity, health- related quality of life and participation in daily activities are often impaired out of proportion to lung function impairment. Pulmonary rehabilitation is not frequently included in the integrated care of patients and is often inaccessible to patients. Aim: To assess the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity (6 Minute Walk Test), lung function (FEV1) and quality of life in COPD. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients in the age group 40-80 years who were diagnosed with COPD as per GOLD guidelines were included in this study. Detailed evaluation was done. Pulmonary rehabilitation offered patient education, breathing exercises, chest physiotherapy, and exercise training. A 6MWT, Spirometry (FEV1), SGRQ, BORG dyspnoea scale was assessed initially and after 12 weeks of the programme. Results: Pulmonary rehabilitation program for 3 months was associated with statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in physical performance. The mean improvement in 6MWT was 57 meters. Quality of life which was measured by the SGRQ score improved by more than 10 points while the BORG scale dropped significantly from 5.05 to 3.35. The mean FEV1 which was 62.43 at baseline, improved to 62.88 after pulmonary rehabilitation, but the result failed to achieve the desired level. Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrates that, pulmonary rehabilitation plays a definite role in the management of COPD patients. Outpatient based pulmonary rehabilitation resulted in significant improvement in exercise tolerance, dyspnea scale (BORG) and quality of life; although there was no significant improvement in lung function. Keywords: 6MWT, COPD, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Quality of Life.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the paediatric population. Owing to age-specific anatomical and physiological differences, children exhibit unique clinical presentations, injury patterns, and outcomes compared to adults. The objective is to study the clinical spectrum, radiological findings, and outcomes of traumatic brain injury in children. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based observational study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Children presenting with traumatic brain injury were evaluated for demographic profile, mechanism of injury, clinical features, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at admission, radiological findings on CT scan, management, and outcome. Outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at discharge. Results: A male predominance was observed. Falls were the most common mode of injury, particularly in younger children, while road traffic accidents were more common in older age groups. Vomiting, altered sensorium, and seizures were frequent presenting symptoms. On CT imaging, extradural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral edema, and skull fractures were commonly identified. Most patients were managed conservatively, while a minority required surgical intervention. Favorable outcomes were seen in the majority of cases. Poor outcomes were significantly associated with severe GCS scores and diffuse cerebral edema. Conclusion: Paediatric TBI demonstrates a wide clinical and radiological spectrum. Early diagnosis, prompt neuroimaging, and appropriate management result in good outcomes in most children. Preventive strategies focusing on fall prevention and road safety are essential to reduce the burden of paediatric TBI. Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, Paediatric head injury, Computed tomography, Glasgow Coma Scale, Outcome.

Background: Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a prevalent ocular surface disorder characterized by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, neurosensory dysfunction and inflammatory changes, significantly affecting visual performance and quality of life. Its burden is increasing globally, driven by aging demographics, digital screen exposure, lifestyle factors, environmental pollution and systemic comorbidities. The aim is to determine the prevalence, severity, associated risk factors and treatment response of dry eye disease in a tertiary care hospital using TFOS DEWS II diagnostic criteria. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 100 patients aged ≥18 years presenting with symptoms suggestive of DED. Clinical evaluation included Schirmer’s test, Fluorescein Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT), Rose Bengal staining, Lissamine green staining and tear meniscus height assessment. Environmental exposure, systemic disease history and lifestyle factors were recorded. Patients diagnosed with DED received lubricating eye drops and were re-evaluated after four weeks. Statistical analysis included Chi-square test, paired t-test and logistic regression; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence of DED was 23.68%, with higher occurrence among individuals >60 years and those reporting prolonged screen exposure, outdoor occupation, smoking, and use of air-conditioning. Diabetes mellitus showed a notable association with DED. TBUT <10 seconds was observed in 72.2% of affected individuals, indicating evaporative dry eye as the predominant subtype, whereas Schirmer’s test <10 mm was present in 38.9%, suggesting mixed pathology. Post-treatment follow-up demonstrated statistically significant improvement across all diagnostic parameters (p<0.001), including tear film stability and ocular surface staining scores. Conclusion: Dry eye disease is a common clinical entity with multifactorial etiology influenced by demographic, environmental, systemic, and lifestyle-related factors. The predominance of evaporative dry eye underscores the increasing role of digital screen exposure and environmental stressors. Early identification and targeted management significantly improve clinical outcomes. Keywords: Dry Eye Disease; TFOS DEWS II; Tear Film Instability; Meibomian Gland Dysfunction; Epidemiology; Digital Screen Exposure; Schirmer’s Test; Tear Break-Up Time; Ocular Surface Disease; Risk Factors.

Background: Spatial transcriptomics (ST) is a molecular technique that helps in gene expression mapping within intact tissue. Among the various approaches, Multiplexed Error-Robust Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (MERFISH) is built on the power of single molecule RNA Fluorescent in situ hybridization which detect individual RNA molecules with high accuracy and sort out thousands of genes at once. Although the technique has been widely adopted across neuroscience, oncology, and developmental biology, its role in spatial transcriptomics is still limited. Objectives: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate its applications, accuracy, reproducibility and its comparison with other spatial transcriptomics. We also illustrated how MERFISH integrates with other multi- omics platforms and its role in biomedical research. Material and Methods: Systematic searches carried out across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and EMBASE (2014–2025). Data reporting of MERFISH based spatial transcriptomics carried out with either quantitative or qualitative outcomes. For data extraction PRISMA guidelines are followed. Quantitative analysis was performed on reproducibility measures, gene detection efficiency and spatial resolution while for qualitative synthesis we examined functional and clinical insights from the included studies. Results: Thirty-four studies (N = 34) met the inclusion criteria covering neuroscience, oncology, developmental biology, and pathology. Across these studies, MERFISH achieved >95% molecular detection accuracy and subcellular spatial precision. On comparing with other techniques like seqFISH+ and Slide-seqV2, MERFISH showed superior spatial resolution (50–100 nm) and maintained a strong multiplexing capacity (>10,000 genes). MERFISH integration with single-cell RNA-seq enhanced tissue-level transcriptome reconstruction and cell-type classification. Conclusions: MERFISH emerges as a highly reliable, high-throughput and advanced spatial transcriptomics platform with significant translational potential. Integrating MERFISH with computational modelling and multimodal imaging is expected to expand diagnostics, developmental biology and disease mapping applications. Keywords: MERFISH, spatial transcriptomics, single-cell analysis, multiplexed imaging, gene expression, tissue mapping.

Background: The significance of encouraging the adoption of less expensive generic substitutes for name-brand medications is highly contested. Although generic medications have been shown to be just as effective at treating ailments as brand name medications, there has been much discussion about their bioavailability, or the amount of the medication that reaches its site of action. As assumed in this analysis, many specialists still think that brand-name and generic medications are equally feasible and bioequivalent options for successful pharmacological therapy. Material and Methods: The costs of several branded and generic medications were contrasted. Forty widely used medications from several classifications that are available in both branded and generic variants with the same concentration, dosage form, and combination. Results: Out of the 40 medications chosen, the average cost of 37 branded medications was more than that of their generic counterparts. Three generic medications were more expensive on average than branded ones. The mean cost difference between branded and generic medications ranged from less than 10% to more than 72%. Conclusion: The majority of branded medications were much more expensive than generic ones, and prescribing branded medications was linked to patients not completing their therapy as directed by their physician. Keywords: Branded drugs, Cost-analysis, Generic drugs, Mean costs and Pharmacoeconomics.

Background: Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of mortality in the intensive care units (ICUS) worldwide, despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and critical care management. The wide range of clinical manifestations and prognosis emphasizes the need to identify helpful and affordable prognostic biomarkers. Beyond transport into lipid, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and endotoxin-inactivating qualities, which can lead to evident interest in foretelling sepsis. The objective was to determine the association between serum HDL cholesterol levels and the disease severity, organ dysfunction, and the clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study done for 12 months in the wards and intensive care units of General Medicine of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Central Kerala. The participants were adults (>18 years) and satisfying the Sepsis-3 criteria (SOFA score>2). The serum HDL-C levels were measured on Day 1 (24 hrs of admission) and Day 5. The clinical outcomes like mortality rate in the hospitals, mechanical ventilation, inotropic support, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and days of stay in the ICUs were recorded. Statistical analysis included student t -test, Chi-square test, Pearson correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:194 patients with sepsis were included with mean age 58.6 ±11.6 years. The result showed significant difference between non-survivors and survivors at the time of admission in the mean value of HDL-C level (27.52 ± 3.53 mg/dL versus 41.47±7.65mg/dl respectively; p < 0.001). On Day 5, HDL-C levels in non-survivors decreased to 16.27±5.26mg/dL whilst the level increased in survivors 47.92± 6.13mg/dL. The HDL-C and SOFA scores at the admission (r = -0.67) and at Day 5 (r = -0.76) had a significant negative correlation between them. An HDL-C cut off value of 29.5mg/dL was identified to relate survival with sensitivity of 95.5% and specificity of 80% (AUC =0.965). Conclusion: Lower serum HDL-C has a strong relationship with critical sepsis, organ support, prolonged ICU stay and in-hospital mortality. The HDL-C is a free and readily available clinical useful prognostic biomarker of sepsis. Keywords: Sepsis; HDL cholesterol; Prognostic biomarker; SOFA score; Critical care.

Background: Proximal tibial articular fractures can be caused by auto accidents and injuries from bumper collisions. The fracture patterns are very complex and may involve medial, lateral, or both the tibial plateaus. Complications include joint stiffness, compartment syndrome, malunion, skin loss, osteomyelitis, and possible amputation. The Ilizarov external fixator helps in minimizing these complications by allowing early mobilization and weight bearing, minimal soft tissue injury and blood loss along with a stable fixation. The aim of this study to assess the outcome of Schatzker type 5 and type 6 tibial plateau fractures treated with Ilizarov external fixator in terms of functional and radiological outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based prospective study done on 25 patients who were diagnosed with Schatzker type V or VI tibial plateau fractures, aged 18 to 75 years, of both sexes in orthopaedic department in JLN Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India during one-year period. They were counselled for circular Ilizarov ring fixator method of treatment after explaining the benefits and limitations of the procedure. Radiological assessment criteria were done using Rasmussen radiological scoring system and functional outcome assessment was done using the Rasmussen clinical score and Lysholm knee score. Results: Out of the 25 patients, 22 were male and 3 were female. Mean age of incidence was 42.3 years with a range of 18 to 75 years. All patients had high velocity injury in form of road traffic accidents or fall from height. Duration of hospital stay was from 1 to 27 days with an average of 8.3 days. Of the 25 cases 22 were close injuries, 3 were open. 16 patients had Schatzker type V injury and 9 patients were having type VI injury. Average duration of frame application was 118 days with a range of 75 days to 160 days. Based on clinical rasmussen scores and functional score more than 80 % of patients had that were excellent or good results. 60% patients had early weight bearing permitted due to circular fixator stability followed by 20% patients had permitted partial weight bearing within 1–2 weeks. Conclusion: We concluded primary external fixation by Ilizariov ring fixator in Schatzker type V and VI fractures of proximal tibia is a safe and effective method. It can be done in same surgical sitting thus avoiding staged procedures as in other methods. Keywords: Knee Joint, Schatzker Type 5 And Type 6, Tibial Plateau Fractures, Ilizarov External Fixator, Functional Outcome, Radiological Outcome.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and progressive metabolic derangements. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the development of diabetic complications. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, is essential for maintaining cellular redox balance through the generation of NADPH. Reduced G6PD activity may impair antioxidant defenses and exacerbate oxidative stress, thereby contributing to worsening insulin resistance and poor glycemic control in patients with T2DM. the aim is to analyse and correlate Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance with G6PD Activity in Type 2 Diabetics. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study included 96 adult patients with confirmed T2DM. Detailed clinical evaluation and anthropometric measurements were performed. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for estimation of fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, serum insulin, oxidative stress markers [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH)], and erythrocyte G6PD activity. Insulin resistance was assessed using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Patients were categorized based on G6PD activity status. Results: The mean age of participants was 54.72 ± 8.91 years, with a male predominance (60.42%). Low G6PD activity was observed in 32.29% of patients. Individuals with low G6PD activity had significantly higher MDA levels and lower SOD and GSH levels, indicating increased oxidative stress. Fasting insulin levels, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c were also significantly higher in the low G6PD group compared to those with normal activity. G6PD activity showed a significant negative correlation with MDA, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c, and a positive correlation with antioxidant markers. Conclusion: Reduced erythrocyte G6PD activity in T2DM patients is associated with enhanced oxidative stress, increased insulin resistance, and poorer glycemic control. These findings underscore the importance of redox imbalance in the metabolic dysregulation of T2DM and suggest that G6PD activity may serve as a useful biomarker for identifying high-risk patients. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Oxidative Stress; Insulin Resistance; Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase; HOMA-IR.

Background: Student’s absenteeism is becoming a continuous and major problem in medical education despite mandatory attendance policies introduced by universities. Medical education truelydemands high attendance for good understanding and grasps over the subject. Anatomy teaching in medical education traditionally relies on didactic lectures supplemented by practical sessions, particularly cadaveric dissection. In recent years, declining class attendance and increased reliance on online learning resources, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic have raised concerns about their impact on academic performance. Evidence relating attendance to learning outcomes in preclinical subjects from eastern India remains limited. Objectives: (1) To determine the association between attendance in theoretical and practical anatomy classes and student assessment outcomes, and (2) to evaluate whether attendance in dissection practical classes is associated with better overall assessment performance. Material and Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, RG Kar Medical College and Hospital, among first-year MBBS students of the 2023–24 batch (n = 250). Attendance records for theory and practical classes and marks obtained in three departmental examinations were collected. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between attendance and examination performance. Results: Mean theory attendance was 58.48% (±10.21), while mean practical attendance was 85.18% (±22.94). Theory attendance showed a significant positive correlation with theory examination scores (r = 0.471, p < .001). Practical attendance demonstrated a stronger correlation with practical examination scores (r = 0.634, p < .001) and was also significantly correlated with total examination performance (theory + practical) across all three semesters (r = 0.467–0.552, p < .001). Discussion: Regular class attendance, particularly in practical anatomy sessions, is strongly associated with improved academic performance among first-year medical students. Emphasizing consistent participation in both theory and practical classes may be an effective strategy to enhance learning outcomes in anatomy. Perhaps medical schools should offer as many unique quality resources as budgets allow, inform students of their availability and let students decide which learning methods work best for them individually, thus facilitating self-directed learning. Conclusion: Emphasizing consistent student participation may therefore be a simple yet effective strategy for enhancing academic success in anatomy among first-year medical students. Keywords: anatomy; medical education, class attendance, assessment, performance.

Background: Management of complex general surgical wounds remains a significant clinical challenge due to delayed healing and high complication rates. Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has emerged as an advanced wound care modality, but its comparative effectiveness against conventional drainage methods requires further evaluation. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of conventional drainage versus negative-pressure wound therapy in the management of complex general surgical wounds. Materials and Methods: This prospective comparative study included 120 patients with complex general surgical wounds admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Patients were divided into two equal groups: conventional drainage (n = 60) and NPWT (n = 60). Baseline demographic and wound characteristics were recorded. Outcomes assessed included time to healthy granulation tissue formation, wound size reduction, rate of complete wound closure, duration of hospital stay, wound-related complications, and requirement for secondary surgical interventions. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. NPWT resulted in significantly faster granulation tissue formation, greater reduction in wound size, and higher rates of complete wound closure compared to conventional drainage (p <0.05). Patients treated with NPWT had a significantly shorter hospital stay and lower incidence of wound infection, persistent discharge, and prolonged antibiotic use. The need for secondary surgical interventions was significantly reduced in the NPWT group, with a higher proportion of patients requiring no further procedures. Conclusion: Negative-pressure wound therapy is superior to conventional drainage in the management of complex general surgical wounds, leading to improved healing outcomes, reduced complications, shorter hospital stay, and fewer secondary surgical interventions. Keywords: Negative-pressure wound therapy; Conventional drainage; Complex surgical wounds.

Background: The Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory and immune mediated disease. It generally affects skin, nails, hair, mucous membrane and appendages. It has many morphological presentations. It is usually affects the flexor surfaces of extremities. The aim is to study the clinicopathological study of Lichen Planus in tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional study, conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy in Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital, Siruvachur, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu. The study was conducted from 1st May 2023 to 30th April 2024. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria the study participants were included and the final sample size was 40. Baseline characteristics like name, age were documented. Skin biopsy were taken. The data were entered in SPSS 23. P value <0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results: 21-30 years of the study participants 13 (32.5%) were most common. Male preponderance was observed 21(52.5%).The most common site involved is Lower Limb 22(55%). Classical LP 27(67.5%) was the most common variant found. Baseline characteristics were found to be not significant. Whereas Common sites of presentation and histopathology was were found to be statistically significant with age group. Conclusion: We may conclude that lower limb is the common site of LP. Classical LP is the most common variant. The most common histological finding is Hypergranulosis and Hyperkeratosis. Keywords: Lichen planus, hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, Chronic inflammatory, immune mediated.

Background: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in chronic alcohol users. The study aimed to evaluate the clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic, and histopathological features of ALD in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital over one year. Materials and Methods: The study included 50 patients with alcoholic liver disease admitted between June 1997 and May 1998. A detailed history and clinical examination were supplemented with laboratory investigations, liver biopsy, ultrasonography, and oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) when necessary. Blood tests included liver function tests, serum bilirubin, and enzyme levels, while ultrasonography and histopathology were used to confirm the diagnosis of ALD. Results: The highest incidence of ALD was observed in the 31-40 years age group, with a male preponderance. Fatty liver was the most common lesion (38%), followed by cirrhosis (32%). The most frequent symptoms included loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and distension. Physical signs such as pallor and icterus were prevalent, and elevated serum bilirubin, SGOT, and SGPT were noted in the majority of patients. Histopathology confirmed fatty liver and cirrhosis in a significant number of cases, with ultrasonography being less reliable for definitive diagnosis. A considerable proportion of patients experienced complications such as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and variceal bleeding. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of alcoholic liver disease in chronic alcohol users, particularly those with prolonged alcohol consumption. Histopathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis, while clinical and biochemical tests play a crucial role in patient management. Early intervention is essential to prevent complications and improve prognosis. Keywords: Alcoholic Liver Disease, Fatty Liver, Cirrhosis, Histopathology, Ultrasonography

Background: Lipids play a crucial role in energy storage, cell membrane composition, and signaling. Key components of the serum lipid profile, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), are used to assess the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Typically, lipid profiles are measured in fasting states, but non-fasting testing has emerged as an alternative for simplicity, especially for components other than triglycerides. This study aims to compare lipid levels in fasting versus non-fasting states and assess any significant differences. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 250 patients who visited the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Central Railway Hospital in Mumbai, India, from October 2020 to May 2022. The study analyzed total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C levels in both fasting and non-fasting samples. Results: The study showed that there were no significant differences in total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, or non-HDL-C levels between fasting and non-fasting samples. However, triglyceride levels were significantly higher in non-fasting samples (p<0.0001). The age group 41-50 years was the most prevalent, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.71:1. Conclusion: The findings suggest that non-fasting lipid profiles, except for triglycerides, can be used for assessing cardiovascular risk. This supports the current guidelines that recommend non-fasting lipid screening, except in cases of inherited hypertriglyceridemia. Keywords: Lipid Profile, Fasting, Non-Fasting, Cardiovascular Risk, Triglycerides

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and continues to be a leading cause of preventable visual impairment worldwide. As retinal damage may develop before clinical recognition of diabetes, early screening at the time of diagnosis is essential for timely intervention. The aim is to determine the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy among newly diagnosed patients with T2DM and to identify clinical predictors associated with its presence. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 120 newly diagnosed T2DM patients attending a tertiary care hospital. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmological examination including dilated fundus evaluation. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was recorded. DR was classified using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) criteria. Statistical analysis included chi-square test, correlation analysis, and binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of DR in the study population was 12%. Mild NPDR constituted the largest subgroup (42.9%), followed by moderate NPDR (35.7%), severe NPDR (14.3%), and proliferative DR (7.1%). Mean HbA1c was significantly higher among patients with DR (8.54 ± 2.21) compared with those without retinopathy (7.12 ± 1.31) (p < 0.01). Increasing HbA1c levels and older age were significantly associated with presence and severity of DR. Logistic regression confirmed HbA1c (OR 2.37) and age (OR 1.09) as independent predictors. Conclusion: A notable proportion of individuals present with diabetic retinopathy at the time of first diagnosis of T2DM. Poor glycemic control and increasing age were major determinants. These findings highlight the importance of routine retinal screening at diagnosis and aggressive glycemic optimization to prevent early retinal microvascular complications. Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c; Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; Proliferative diabetic retinopathy; ETDRS classification; Screening; Risk factors.

Background: Nuclear medicine represents a critical medical specialty that exposes practitioners and medical students to significant radiation doses. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding appropriate use of nuclear medicine modalities and awareness of radiation protection among MBBS third professional part-II students and interns at a tertiary care teaching institute. Materials and Methods: A total of 401 participants, 196 third professional part-II students and 205 interns—were enrolled using convenience sampling in this cross-sectional study. The questionnaire assessed demographic characteristics, knowledge about nuclear medicine procedures, radiation protection awareness, and satisfaction with institutional radiation protection measures. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to examine associations between demographic variables and knowledge levels. Results: The overall prevalence of inadequate knowledge was 24.9% (n=100), moderate knowledge 29.2% (n=117), and adequate knowledge 45.9% (n=184). Interns demonstrated significantly higher awareness than third professional students (χ² = 148.586, p<0.001). Notably, 81.5% (n=327) of participants were unaware of how to use personal monitoring devices, and 70.7% (n=284) lacked knowledge about the types of personal monitoring devices. Regarding satisfaction with radiation protection measures, 40.1% (n=161) of participants expressed satisfaction, while 37.9% (n=152) reported dissatisfaction. Conclusion: This study reveals substantial gaps in knowledge regarding appropriate use of nuclear medicine modalities and radiation protection awareness among medical students and interns. Critical deficiencies exist particularly concerning personal monitoring devices, dose limits, and shielding materials. Keywords: Nuclear medicine; Radiation safety; Radiation protection; Medical education.

Background: Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitutes the cornerstone of the pharmacovigilance program. However, underreporting by healthcare professionals remains a significant challenge. The objective is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacovigilance among undergraduate medical students in relation to adverse drug reaction reporting and to compare findings across different academic years. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching institute in Haryana. A total of 772 undergraduate MBBS students participated, comprising 210 students from 1st Professional, 194 from 2nd Professional, 196 from 3rd Professional (Part-I), and 172 from 3rd Professional (Part-II). A validated questionnaire containing 21 questions was administered. Results: The mean knowledge score across all years ranged from 4.60 to 5.71 out of a maximum of 10. Mean attitude scores ranged from 4.37 to 5.19 out of 7. Mean practice scores ranged from 1.43 to 1.71 out of 4, with statistically significant differences observed (P=0.0319). Students demonstrated significantly better attitude scores compared to knowledge and practice. Second and 3rd Professional (Part-II) students showed superior knowledge scores regarding pharmacovigilance definition and mandatory reporting. Conclusion: Undergraduate medical students exhibited average knowledge and positive attitude toward pharmacovigilance but demonstrated poor practice regarding adverse drug reaction reporting. The findings underscore the critical need for integration of comprehensive pharmacovigilance training and ADR reporting skills into the undergraduate medical curriculum to enhance future physician participation in drug safety monitoring. Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, Adverse drug reactions, Undergraduate medical students, Drug safety.

Background: Subarachnoid block is a widely practiced regional anaesthesia technique for infraumbilical surgeries. Opioid adjuvants such as buprenorphine are commonly added to hyperbaric bupivacaine to enhance block quality and duration. However, premixing opioids with hyperbaric local anaesthetics may alter solution density and influence intrathecal drug spread. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and haemodynamic effects of premixed versus sequential intrathecal administration of buprenorphine as an adjuvant to hyperbaric bupivacaine, with respect to block characteristics and adverse effects. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study included 105 ASA I–II patients aged 18–65 years undergoing infraumbilical surgeries under spinal anaesthesia. Patients were randomized into three groups (n=35 each): Group A received premixed hyperbaric bupivacaine with buprenorphine; Group B received buprenorphine followed by hyperbaric bupivacaine; Group C received hyperbaric bupivacaine followed by buprenorphine. Primary outcomes included onset of sensory and motor block, two-segment sensory regression time, and duration of motor block. Secondary outcomes were haemodynamic parameters and incidence of adverse effects. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Chi-square test. Results: Sequential administration significantly hastened the onset of sensory and motor blockade, with Group C showing the fastest onset (p<0.001). Two-segment sensory regression time and duration of motor block were significantly prolonged in sequential groups compared to the premixed group (p<0.001). Haemodynamic parameters remained comparable among groups. The incidence of hypotension and bradycardia was significantly higher in the premixed group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Sequential intrathecal administration of buprenorphine and hyperbaric bupivacaine offers superior block characteristics with better haemodynamic stability and fewer adverse effects compared to premixed administration in infraumbilical surgeries. Keywords: Subarachnoid block; Intrathecal buprenorphine; Hyperbaric bupivacaine; Sequential administration; Premixed spinal anaesthesia; Infraumbilical surgery; Opioid adjuvant.

Background: Anaemia remains a major public health problem among adolescents worldwide, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Dietary habits, micronutrient intake, and meal patterns significantly influence anaemia risk. This study examines the correlation between anaemia and dietary habits among school-going adolescents in Kolar, Karnataka. The objective is to determine the prevalence of anaemia and assess its association with dietary behaviours among adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 adolescents selected using Simple random sampling. Haemoglobin estimation was done with Haemcue. Dietary habits were assessed using Food frequency questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS Ver 22. Results: Anaemia prevalence was 36.3%. Low dietary diversity (OR 2.54), inadequate green leafy vegetable intake (OR 1.92), breakfast skipping (OR 2.08), and junk food consumption ≥3 times/week (OR 1.76) were significantly associated with anaemia. Logistic regression identified dietary diversity and GLV intake as independent predictors. Conclusion: Anaemia among adolescents in Kolar is significantly associated with modifiable dietary behaviours. School-based nutrition education and iron supplementation programs are essential to reduce prevalence and improve adolescent health outcomes. Keywords: Anaemia, Adolescents, Dietary habits, Nutrition, Public health.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global health crisis and has been associated with a rise in secondary fungal infections, particularly in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and steroid exposure. These infections are difficult to diagnose and manage, often leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Early identification of disease patterns, laboratory abnormalities, and outcome predictors is essential to improve patient management. Objectives: To evaluate the demographic profile, clinical characteristics, histopathological and microbiological findings, management strategies, and outcomes of patients with fungal infections secondary to COVID-19, and to assess associations between diagnostic findings and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: This observational study included 413 patients presenting with fungal infections secondary to COVID-19 at a tertiary care centre between January 2021 and December 2022. Clinical details, laboratory investigations, histopathology, and KOH/culture results were analysed. Patients were classified as early or late fungal infections. Management modalities and outcomes were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 25, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age was 49.8 ± 12.4 years, with a male predominance (72.4%). Late fungal infections constituted 97.8% of cases. Histopathological positivity was observed in 49.9%, while KOH/culture positivity was seen in 37.5%. Laboratory findings indicated systemic inflammation and poor glycaemic control. Combined medical and surgical management was required in 63.7% of patients. Overall survival was 94.7%. Histopathological positivity was significantly associated with mortality (p < 0.001), and KOH positivity was significantly associated with the need for combined management (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Fungal infections secondary to COVID-19 are associated with significant systemic inflammation and metabolic derangements. Histopathological and microbiological findings are important predictors of disease severity, management requirements, and outcomes. Early diagnosis and aggressive multidisciplinary management are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Keywords: COVID-19; Secondary fungal infections; Mucormycosis; Histopathology; KOH mount; Diabetes mellitus; Systemic inflammation; Medical and surgical management; Patient outcomes.

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spans from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While obesity is a major determinant, lean NAFLD is increasingly recognized in Asia, highlighting the need to reappraise BMI thresholds for early detection. Aims and Objectives: To compare correlations between non-invasive fibrosis indices and FibroScan-derived stiffness across lean and non-lean groups using World Health Organization (WHO) and Asia-Pacific (APAC) BMI criteria, determining the most appropriate framework for South Asian populations. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 493 patients at Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata, was performed. Participants were classified by WHO (≤25 vs >25 kg/m²) and APAC (<23 vs ≥23 kg/m²) criteria. Biochemical variables included liver enzymes, lipids, HbA1c, and fibrosis indices (AST/ALT ratio, BARD, FIB-4, FIB-5, TyG). FibroScan quantified stiffness (F0–F4), analyzed by correlation and AUROC statistics. Results: FIB-4 showed the strongest correlation with stiffness (r = 0.34, p < 0.001; AUC ≈ 0.72 for APAC <23). BARD and FIB-5 showed moderate or inverse trends, while lipid indices and TyG had poor discrimination (AUC ≤ 0.55). Correlations strengthened with higher BMI. APAC criteria improved sensitivity for early fibrosis, WHO for specificity. Conclusion: FIB-4 is the most reliable non-invasive marker of ≥F2 fibrosis. Asia-Pacific BMI cut-offs (≥23 kg/m²) enhance early detection sensitivity, while WHO cut-offs favor specificity. A dual approach optimizes NAFLD risk stratification in Indian populations. Keywords: NAFLD, APAC, WHO.

Background: Chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes mellitus leads to biochemical and structural alterations in red blood cells (RBCs), potentially influencing routine hematological indices. Understanding how RBC parameters reflect glycaemic control may provide additional, cost-effective tools for patient monitoring. The aim is to evaluate red blood cell parameters and their correlation with glycaemic indices in patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 diabetic patients, categorized into two groups: Group A (n=100) with good glycaemic control and Group B (n=100) with poor glycaemic control. Socio-demographic variables, anthropometric indices, and clinical parameters including HbA1c, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) were recorded. RBC indices such as RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW) were compared between groups and correlated with glycaemic markers. Results: Patients with poor glycaemic control demonstrated significantly higher BMI (27.4 ± 3.6 kg/m²) and WHR (0.96 ± 0.05) compared to Group A. HbA1c, FBS, and PPBS were markedly elevated in Group B (all p<0.001). RBC parameters also differed significantly: Group B exhibited lower RBC count (4.38 ± 0.39 million/µL), Hb (12.6 ± 1.4 g/dL), and HCT (38.2 ± 4.3%), along with higher MCV (92.3 ± 6.0 fL), MCH (30.8 ± 2.1 pg), and RDW (15.4 ± 1.6%) (all p<0.001). Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between glycaemic indices and RBC parameters, particularly RDW and HbA1c. Conclusion: Poor glycaemic control is associated with significant alterations in red blood cell indices. Routine hematological parameters, especially RDW, may serve as valuable supplementary markers for assessing metabolic control and monitoring disease progression in diabetic patients. Keywords: Glycaemic index, correlation, RBC parameters, diabetes mellitus, tertiary care, comparative study.

Background: Infertility is a significant reproductive health concern that affects women not only physically but also emotionally and socially. Women undergoing infertility treatment often experience psychological stress due to prolonged treatment duration, uncertainty of outcomes, social expectations, and repeated treatment failures. Emotional well-being is an important yet frequently overlooked component of infertility care, particularly in tertiary care settings where treatment intensity and complexity are high. Understanding the emotional well-being of women undergoing infertility treatment and identifying associated factors is essential for providing comprehensive, patient-centered care. Aim: To assess the emotional well-being of women undergoing infertility treatment in a tertiary care hospital and to examine its association with selected socio-demographic and infertility-related factors. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 102 women undergoing infertility evaluation or treatment at a tertiary care hospital. Participants were recruited using a consecutive sampling technique after obtaining informed consent. Data were collected using a structured proforma to record socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and the World Health Organization–Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) to assess emotional well-being. WHO-5 scores were converted to percentage scores, with scores ≤50 indicating poor emotional well-being. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables, and associations between emotional well-being and independent variables were analyzed using appropriate inferential tests. Results: The majority of participants were aged 26–30 years (35.29%) and had primary infertility (66.67%). Poor emotional well-being was observed in 59.80% of women, with a mean WHO-5 score of 48.62 ± 14.37. Poor emotional well-being was significantly more common among women aged above 30 years, those with lower educational status, homemakers, women with primary infertility, infertility duration exceeding five years, and those with a history of previous treatment failure (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that both socio-demographic and clinical factors contribute to reduced emotional well-being during infertility treatment. Conclusion: A high proportion of women undergoing infertility treatment experience poor emotional well-being. Routine screening for emotional well-being and integration of psychosocial support into infertility services are essential to improve holistic care and treatment experiences. Keywords: Infertility, Emotional well-being, WHO-5 Well-Being Index, Women’s mental health.

Background: Contact lenses are widely used for refractive correction and cosmetic purposes; however, improper handling and inadequate hygiene practices can lead to microbial contamination of contact lenses and their storage cases. Such contamination increases the risk of contact lens–related ocular infections, including microbial keratitis, which may result in serious visual morbidity. Hygiene education is a key preventive strategy, yet its measurable impact on bacterial growth among contact lens users in routine clinical settings requires further evaluation. Aim: To assess bacterial growth in contact lens users before and after hygiene education and to evaluate the effectiveness of structured hygiene education in reducing microbial contamination. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital and included 110 contact lens users attending the ophthalmology outpatient department. Demographic data, contact lens usage patterns, and hygiene practices were recorded using a structured proforma. Samples were collected from contact lenses and lens storage cases under aseptic conditions and cultured on appropriate media for bacterial isolation and identification using standard microbiological techniques. Following baseline sample collection, all participants received structured hygiene education focusing on hand hygiene, lens cleaning and disinfection, proper storage case maintenance, and safe lens-wearing practices. Post-education samples were collected and processed using identical methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, and statistical significance was determined with a p-value <0.05. Results: Before hygiene education, bacterial growth was detected in 66 participants (60.00%), while 44 (40.00%) showed no growth. After hygiene education, bacterial growth significantly decreased to 28 participants (25.45%), with 82 (74.55%) showing no growth (p <0.001). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate before education (25.45%), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococci (16.36%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.91%). Significant reductions were observed in these isolates after education (p <0.05). Inadequate cleaning and improper storage case hygiene were strongly associated with bacterial growth prior to education (p <0.001). Conclusion: The study demonstrates that inadequate contact lens hygiene is associated with high rates of bacterial contamination. Structured hygiene education significantly reduces bacterial growth and pathogenic isolates among contact lens users. Incorporating regular hygiene counseling into routine ophthalmic practice may help prevent contact lens–related ocular infections. Keywords: Contact lens hygiene; Bacterial contamination; Hygiene education; Contact lens users; Microbial growth.

Background: Sepsis and septic shock remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Sepsis-3 definitions emphasize organ dysfunction assessed by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score; however, its routine application is limited in resource-constrained settings. Serum lactate, a readily available biomarker, has been recognized as an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in sepsis, but its diagnostic and prognostic utility relative to established scoring systems remains uncertain. The objective is to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum lactate levels in patients with sepsis and septic shock, compare its performance with SOFA, qSOFA, and SIRS criteria, and assess whether the addition of serum lactate to qSOFA improves clinical utility. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital over 16 months and included 100 adult patients admitted with suspected sepsis or septic shock. Serum lactate levels were measured at admission, day 3, and day 7. SOFA, qSOFA, and SIRS scores were calculated concurrently. Patients were followed for 28-day outcomes. Diagnostic performance was assessed using sensitivity and specificity, prognostic accuracy using receiver operating characteristic curves, and survival using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Multivariable Cox regression was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. Results: Elevated serum lactate levels (≥2 mmol/L) demonstrated moderate diagnostic performance for sepsis and high sensitivity for septic shock but were inferior to SOFA criteria. SOFA score showed superior prognostic accuracy for 28-day mortality and prolonged ICU stay. Elevated serum lactate at admission was independently associated with increased 28-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 2.01; p = 0.037). The modified qSOFA score showed improved diagnostic sensitivity compared with lactate alone but did not outperform SOFA. Conclusion: Serum lactate is a valuable prognostic marker in sepsis and septic shock but does not replace SOFA for diagnosis or risk stratification. Lactate measurement remains a useful adjunct, particularly in resource-limited settings. Keywords: Sepsis; Septic shock; Serum lactate; SOFA score; qSOFA; Prognosis.

Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by abnormal contact between the femur and acetabulum, leading to force loading across the hip joint during extreme ranges of motion. FAI is a recognized pathogenic factor in the development of hip osteoarthritis. The impingement is secondary to anatomic abnormalities at the femoral head-neck junction or the acetabulum The alpha angle is a key radiological measurement used to quantify the concavity (head-neck offset) of the femoral head-neck junction extent of cam-type deformity. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of CAM type of Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in the South Indian population by measuring the alpha angle using MRI. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study will be conducted on individuals undergoing MRI of the hip for non-traumatic indications. scans which were available in the Department of Radio-diagnosis, S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hospital and Research Centre, Bagalkot. Parameters assessed are Alpha Angle in the CHECK (Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee), followed by angle determination using statistical shape modeling (SSM)software. Circle of best fit was defined by use of validated MATLAB (The MathWorks)-based software. Results: The Alpha angle measured in total of 50 individuals showed 44 individuals with normal morphology of Alpha angle less than 550 and 6 patients showed alpha angle more than 550 with CAM lesion of FAI. Conclusion: The alpha angle in measured individuals (50 cases) showed 88% with normal morphology and 12% showed CAM lesions of FAI. These findings highlight that while the prevalence of CAM lesions in this regional population is relatively low, population-specific data remains essential for early intervention to prevent progressive cartilage damage and early osteoarthritis. Keywords: Anthropometric analysis, CAM Lesion, Alpha angle, MRI scan.

Background: Cytologic examination of serous fluids is a minimally invasive and inexpensive procedure for diagnosing, staging and prognosis of malignancy. Further, evaluation of serous fluid specimens can determine the primary site of origin. The newly proposed International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (ISRSFC) aims to standardize reporting. The aim is to determine the prevalence of malignant changes in serous effusions and to classify the serous fluids cytologically into five categories using international system for reporting serous fluid cytology. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based cross sectional study done over a period of 17 months between Aug 2022 and Dec 2023 in the department of pathology, in a tertiary care hospital, Chitradurga. The patients presenting with pleural, peritoneal and pericardial effusions were aspirated and samples were sent for cytological evaluation. The samples were stained wit H and E stain and were classified based on The International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (TIS)into 5 categories. Results: Total of 310 patients were included in the study, out of which 148 were females. Of all the samples 176(56.8%) were ascitic fluid and 134(43.2%) were pleural fluid samples. On cytological evaluation of all samples, 223(71.95%) were negative for malignancy, 32(10.3%) were AUS, 18(5.8%) were SFM and 37(11.95%) were malignant. Malignancy was dected more in ascitic fluid (13.6%) as compared to pleural fluid (9.7%). Malignancy was detected more in males than females. Conclusion: The proportion of malignant serous effusion is detected majority in male specially in ascitic fluid with prevalence being 11.95%. The International system for reporting serous fluid cytology will increase standardization and reproducibility in reporting. Keywords: Serous effusion; Malignancy; The International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology; Atypia of Undetermined Significance; Suspicious for Malignancy.

Background: Women’s empowerment is increasingly recognized as a critical social determinant of maternal and child health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In India, community-based empowerment initiatives—often implemented through non-governmental organizations and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs—aim to enhance women’s autonomy, economic security, and health-seeking behavior. However, robust empirical evidence linking such interventions to measurable maternal and child health outcomes remains limited, especially across urban–rural contexts. Materials and Methods: A community-based mixed-methods study was conducted in selected urban and rural areas of Tamil Nadu where structured women’s empowerment programs had been operational for at least two years. Quantitative data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of 400 women aged 15–49 years with at least one child under five years of age. Maternal healthcare utilization, child immunization status, and child nutritional indicators were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between program participation and health outcomes. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews and thematically analysed to explore pathways linking empowerment and health behaviours. Results: Women participating in empowerment initiatives demonstrated significantly higher odds of completing recommended antenatal care visits (adjusted OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.6–3.4) and ensuring full immunization of their children (adjusted OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2–3.0) compared to non-participants. Qualitative findings revealed enhanced decision-making autonomy, increased confidence in navigating health systems, and improved household-level prioritization of maternal and child health. Conclusion: Community-based women’s empowerment initiatives are positively associated with improved maternal and child health outcomes in both urban and rural settings. Integrating empowerment strategies within existing health systems and scaling them in underserved regions may accelerate progress toward health equity and Sustainable Development Goals related to gender equality and maternal and child health. Keywords: Women’s empowerment; Maternal health; Child health; Community-based interventions; Tamil Nadu; Health equity.

Background: Non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in India. Although the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is well established in urban populations, there is a paucity of community-level evidence from rural populations. The objective is to assess the burden of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in rural Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted among adults aged 18 years and above residing in villages adopted under the Family Adoption Programme. Blood pressure and random blood sugar were measured using standard protocols. Results: Of 2,826 adults screened, 567 (20.1%) had raised blood pressure and 395 (14.0%) had deranged random blood sugar levels. A high prevalence of adverse anthropometric indicators was also observed. Conclusion: The study highlights a substantial burden of hypertension and diabetes in rural Bareilly, underscoring the need for strengthened community-based screening and preventive strategies. Keywords: Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Radio frequency ablation in the therapy of choice for superficial and perforator venous reflux in the current era (RFA).Both RFA and venous stripping cause obliteration of the superficial venous system in the near term. Both groups show similar clinical improvement as indicated by CEAP and venous severity score. RFA on other hand is less painful than surgery. Patients who have undergone RFA are able to return to work sooner than those who have had surgery. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy between conventional open surgery and RFA for varicose vein. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Government Coimbatore Medical College and Hospital, Coimbatore. It is a comparative study conducted during the year 2020-2021.Preoperative and postoperative details will be collected from the patients admitted for open surgeries and radio frequency ablation The collected data will be entered in the MS excel sheet Windows 10. The analysis was done using SPSS 23. Results: Most common age group in our study was 41-50 years22(37%).Male were predominant in our study 42(70%).Right side was commonly observed 32(53.33%).The post hospital infection , post hospital stay, intraoperative bleeding was found more in surgery group compared to RFA group and was found to be statistically significant. Postop ambulation was less than one day in RFA group study participants. Conclusion: In the modern period, endovenous radio frequency ablation has become the preferred alternative treatment for superficial and perforator venous reflux illness. In terms of morbidity and outcome the RFA not only outperforms standard vein stripping and perforator interruption but it also lowers the creation of neovascularization which is commonly blamed for higher recurrence rates after venous stripping. Keywords: Sapheno femoral junction, long saphenous vein, Radio frequency ablation, Sapheno popliteal vein,Chronic venous insufficiency.

Background: Concerns have been raised regarding possible effects of COVID-19 vaccination on menstrual health. This study aimed to evaluate menstrual cycle characteristics, symptom patterns, and systemic effects following vaccination in women of reproductive age. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 300 women aged 18–45 years who received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Data on menstrual cycle regularity, cycle duration, duration of bleeding, perceived menstrual flow, dysmenorrhea, analgesic use, and interference with daily activities were collected and compared with self-reported pre-vaccination menstrual patterns. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed. Results: Following vaccination, menstrual irregularity increased from 8.9% pre-vaccination to 16.2% post-vaccination. A shift toward longer cycle durations was observed, particularly cycles of 32–35 days and >35 days. Duration of menstrual bleeding and perceived menstrual blood flow showed minimal variation after vaccination. Increased menstrual pain was reported by 16.9% of participants, 13.6% required analgesics, and 14.2% reported interference with daily activities. The majority of women (86.8%) did not report systemic post-vaccination symptoms; among those who did, fever, headache, and fatigue were the most common. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination was associated with temporary alterations in menstrual regularity and cycle length, increased dysmenorrhea, higher analgesic use, and greater functional interference in a subset of women. Most systemic symptoms were mild and self-limiting. These findings support counseling women regarding possible transient menstrual changes following vaccination. Keywords: COVID-19; Vaccination; Menstrual cycle; Dysmenorrhea.

Background: Segmental variations in the width and thickness of knee menisci influence load distribution and are clinically significant in meniscal injury, repair, and reconstruction. The objective is to evaluate and compare the segmental width and thickness of the medial and lateral menisci at the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds in adult human cadavers. Materials and Methods: A cadaveric observational study was performed on 35 embalmed adult human cadavers, yielding 70 knee joints. Medial and lateral menisci were dissected and divided into anterior, middle, and posterior thirds. Segmental width and thickness were measured using a vernier caliper. Measurements were recorded separately for the right and left sides. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and side-wise comparisons were analysed using Welch’s unpaired t-test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The medial meniscus showed progressive widening from anterior to posterior segments, with significantly greater posterior width on the left side (14.95 ± 4.66 mm) compared to the right (11.32 ± 3.87 mm; p < 0.01). Thickness of the medial meniscus was greater at the middle and posterior thirds, with a significant side-wise difference observed only at the anterior third (p = 0.03). The lateral meniscus demonstrated maximal thickness at the middle third bilaterally, while posterior thickness was significantly greater on the right side (5.98 ± 2.02 mm vs 4.66 ± 1.73 mm; p < 0.01). Segmental width of the lateral meniscus remained relatively uniform, with no statistically significant side-wise differences. Conclusion: Distinct segmental morphometric patterns were observed between medial and lateral menisci, reflecting their functional adaptations. These data provide clinically relevant anatomical benchmarks for imaging interpretation and meniscal surgical procedures. Keywords: Knee joint; Menisci; Morphometry; Cadaveric study; Width and thickness.